Urgenda Foundation v State of the Netherlands (Supreme Court, 2019)

¹ Meguro, M., ‘State of the Netherlands v. Urgenda Foundation’, American Journal of International Law, 114(4) (2020), pp. 729-735,

² Urgenda Foundation v State of the Netherlands [2019] ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007 [8.2.7], [8.3.5]

³ Urgenda Foundation v State of the Netherlands [2019] ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007 [9]

⁴ Urgenda Foundation v State of the Netherlands [2019] ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007 [8.2.7]

⁵ Urgenda Foundation v State of the Netherlands [2019] ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007 [5.9.1], [8.3.4]

⁶ Urgenda Foundation v State of the Netherlands [2019] ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007 [6.6]

⁷ Urgenda Foundation v State of the Netherlands [2019] ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007 [7.2.1], [7.2.5], [7.2.7], [7.3.2], [8.3.4]

⁸ Mayer, B., ‘The Contribution of Urgenda to the Mitigation of Climate Change’, Journal of Environmental Law, 35 (2023), pp.167-184,

⁹ Netherlands, Kingdom of the, ‘Wet van 7 juli 2021 tot wijziging van de Wet verbod op kolen bij elektriciteitsproductie in verband met beperking van de CO2-emissie’ [Act of 7 July 2021 amending the Prohibition of Coal in Electricity Production Act in relation to the reduction of CO2 emissions], 28 July 2021, Staatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, 382, , accessed 9 September 2025

¹⁰ Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate, ‘Brief van de Minister van Economische Zaken en Klimaat Aan de Voorzitter van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal’ [Letter from the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate to the President of the House of Representatives of the States General], Kamerdossier 32813 [Cabinet Approach to climate policy] No. 303, 11 March 2019, , accessed 17 December 2025

¹¹ Netherlands, Kingdom of the, ’Wet van 18 december 2019 tot wijziging van enkele belastingwetten en enige andere wetten (Wet fiscale maatregelen Klimaatakkoord)’ [Act of 18 December 2019 amending certain tax laws and some other laws (Climate Agreement Tax Measures Act)], 27 December 2019, Staatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, 511,  ,  accessed 09 September 2025

¹² Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate, ‘Brief van de Minister van Economische Zaken en Klimaat Aan de Voorzitter van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal’ [Letter from the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate to the President of the House of Representatives of the States General], Kamerdossier 32813 [Cabinet Approach to climate policy] No. 303, 11 March 2019, , accessed 17 December 2025

¹³ Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate, ‘Brief van de Minister van Economische Zaken en Klimaat Aan de Voorzitter van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal’ [Letter from the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate to the President of the House of Representatives of the States General], Kamerdossier 32813 [Cabinet Approach to climate policy] No. 303, 11 March 2019, , accessed 17 December 2025

¹⁴ Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate, ‘Brief van de Minister van Economische Zaken en Klimaat Aan de Voorzitter van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal’ [Letter from the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate to the President of the House of Representatives of the States General], Kamerdossier 31239 [Stimulation of sustainable energy production] No. 313, 9 March 2020, , accessed 17 December 2025.

¹⁵ Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate, ‘Brief van de Minister van Economische Zaken en Klimaat Aan de Voorzitter van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal’ [Letter from the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate to the President of the House of Representatives of the States General], Kamerdossier 32813 [Cabinet Approach to climate policy] No. 303, 11 March 2019, , accessed 17 December 2025